Essential-03 underwayUpdated 1 September 2026

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Sources / public catalogue

A reading universe, not a verdict.

This is the approved public metadata for the project’s 140-source catalogue. It contains no PDFs, extracted passages, private notes, or unpublished evidence cards.

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Evidence reviewed means source-level material has been verified against the original. It does not mean the project has published a cross-source conclusion. Metadata only means the catalogue record is public, while full-text claims are not available. Deferred records await suitable processing.

140 sources shown

S001Catalogued

The Psychology of Virality

Steve Rathje; Jay J. Van Bavel · 2025

Trends in Cognitive Sciences · Review · Reviews & maps

Best current psychology-led map; explicitly connects content, motives, networks, norms, incentives, and algorithms.

Paywalled; preprint located
S002Evidence reviewed

What Gets Shared, and Why? Interpersonal Communication and Word of Mouth

Jonah Berger · 2025

Annual Review of Psychology · Review · Reviews & maps

Current review of audiences, modalities, channels, devices, and sharing motives.

Open access
S003

Viral Marketing: A Systematic Literature Review and Future Research Agenda

Divyaneet Kaur; Shiksha Kushwah; Satish Kumar · 2025

Marketing Intelligence & Planning · Systematic review · Reviews & maps

Recent field map organized around antecedents, outcomes, channels, mutation/replication, and measurement.

Paywalled
S004Catalogued

A Survey on Information Diffusion in Online Social Networks: Models and Methods

Shuai et al. · 2017

Information · Survey · Reviews & maps

Taxonomy of explanatory and predictive diffusion models.

Open access
S005Catalogued

Information Diffusion in Online Social Networks: A Survey

Adrien Guille; Hakim Hacid; Cécile Favre; Djamel A. Zighed · 2013

SIGMOD Record · Survey · Reviews & maps

Influential survey covering diffusion models, topic detection, and influential spreaders.

Open/author copies available
S006Evidence reviewed

Innovation Diffusion and New Product Growth Models: A Critical Review and Research Directions

Renana Peres; Eitan Muller; Vijay Mahajan · 2010

International Journal of Research in Marketing · Critical review · Reviews & maps

Connects classic diffusion models to network effects and modern product growth.

Open author PDF
S007Catalogued

Complex Contagions: A Decade in Review

Douglas Guilbeault; Joshua Becker; Damon Centola · 2018

Complex Spreading Phenomena in Social Systems · Review chapter · Reviews & maps

Consolidates reinforcement, clustering, homophily, and topology results.

Open author PDF
S008Catalogued

The Science of Fake News

David M. J. Lazer et al. · 2018

Science · Review · Reviews & maps

Useful negative-case literature on rapid diffusion, novelty, identity, and platform design.

Open/registered access
S009Catalogued

Word of Mouth and Interpersonal Communication: A Review and Directions for Future Research

Jonah Berger · 2014

Journal of Consumer Psychology · Review · Reviews & maps

Compact conceptual bridge between consumer psychology and social transmission.

Author PDF/paywalled
S010Catalogued

The Effect of Electronic Word of Mouth on Sales: A Meta-Analytic Review of Platform, Product, and Metric Factors

Ana Babić Rosario et al. · 2016

Journal of Marketing Research · Meta-analysis · Reviews & maps

Quantifies when eWOM relates to sales and how platform/product/metric choices moderate effects.

Paywalled
S011Catalogued

Diffusion of Innovations, 5th Edition

Everett M. Rogers · 2003

Free Press · Book · Diffusion & adoption

Canonical adoption framework: innovation attributes, adopter categories, communication channels, time, and social systems.

Book/paywalled
S012Catalogued

A New Product Growth Model for Consumer Durables

Frank M. Bass · 1969

Management Science · Paper · Diffusion & adoption

Origin of the Bass innovation/imitation model and a baseline for growth curves.

JSTOR/paywalled
S013Deferred

The Strength of Weak Ties

Mark S. Granovetter · 1973

American Journal of Sociology · Paper · Network structure

Foundational account of bridges between clusters and information reach.

Open copies available
S014Deferred

Threshold Models of Collective Behavior

Mark Granovetter · 1978

American Journal of Sociology · Paper · Thresholds & cascades

First-principles explanation for cascades from heterogeneous adoption thresholds.

Open copies available
S015Catalogued

The Small World Problem

Stanley Milgram · 1967

Psychology Today · Paper · Network structure

Classic evidence motivating short-path network reasoning; method has limitations.

Scans available
S016Catalogued

Micromotives and Macrobehavior

Thomas C. Schelling · 1978

W. W. Norton · Book · Thresholds & cascades

Durable micro-to-macro reasoning for tipping and unintended aggregate outcomes.

Book/paywalled
S017Evidence reviewed

Collective Dynamics of ‘Small-World’ Networks

Duncan J. Watts; Steven H. Strogatz · 1998

Nature · Paper · Network structure

Shows how clustering plus short paths changes propagation.

Abstract/paywalled; open copies
S018Evidence reviewed

Emergence of Scaling in Random Networks

Albert-László Barabási; Réka Albert · 1999

Science · Paper · Network structure

Preferential attachment and heavy-tailed degree distributions; important but not universal.

Abstract/paywalled; open copies
S019Evidence reviewed

A Simple Model of Global Cascades on Random Networks

Duncan J. Watts · 2002

PNAS · Paper · Thresholds & cascades

Explains cascade windows and why highly connected networks can resist some global cascades.

Open copies available
S020Evidence reviewed

Complex Contagions and the Weakness of Long Ties

Damon Centola; Michael Macy · 2007

American Journal of Sociology · Paper · Complex contagion

Distinguishes simple exposure from adoption requiring reinforcement.

Open author PDF
S021Evidence reviewed

The Spread of Behavior in an Online Social Network Experiment

Damon Centola · 2010

Science · Paper · Complex contagion

Causal evidence that clustered networks can accelerate reinforced behavior.

Open author PDF
S022Evidence reviewed

Structural Diversity in Social Contagion

Johan Ugander; Lars Backstrom; Cameron Marlow; Jon Kleinberg · 2012

PNAS · Paper · Complex contagion

Independent social contexts can matter more than raw friend count.

Open access
S023Evidence reviewed

Maximizing the Spread of Influence through a Social Network

David Kempe; Jon Kleinberg; Éva Tardos · 2003

KDD · Paper · Influence maximization

Seminal seeding optimization under independent-cascade and linear-threshold models.

Open author PDF
S024Catalogued

The Small-World Phenomenon: An Algorithmic Perspective

Jon Kleinberg · 2000

STOC · Paper · Network navigation

Separates short paths from decentralized ability to find them.

Open author PDF
S025Catalogued

Talk of the Network: A Complex Systems Look at the Underlying Process of Word-of-Mouth

Jacob Goldenberg; Barak Libai; Eitan Muller · 2001

Marketing Letters · Paper · Diffusion & adoption

Early synthesis of weak ties, local spread, and market-level diffusion.

Paywalled
S026Catalogued

The Role of Hubs in the Adoption Process

Jacob Goldenberg et al. · 2009

Journal of Marketing · Paper · Seeding & influencers

Tests whether hubs lead adoption or mainly accelerate reach.

Paywalled
S027Catalogued

New Product Diffusion with Influentials and Imitators

Christophe Van den Bulte; Yogesh V. Joshi · 2007

Marketing Science · Paper · Seeding & influencers

Formalizes when targeting influentials can or cannot drive takeoff.

Paywalled
S028Catalogued

Opinion Leadership and Social Contagion in New Product Diffusion

Raghuram Iyengar; Christophe Van den Bulte; Thomas W. Valente · 2011

Marketing Science · Paper · Seeding & influencers

Separates self-reported influence from network position and actual adoption timing.

Paywalled/author copies
S029Evidence reviewed

Distinguishing Influence-Based Contagion from Homophily-Driven Diffusion in Dynamic Networks

Sinan Aral; Lev Muchnik; Arun Sundararajan · 2009

PNAS · Paper · Causal identification

Critical warning: correlated adoption is not automatically peer influence.

Open access
S030Catalogued

Network-Based Marketing: Identifying Likely Adopters via Consumer Networks

Shawndra Hill; Foster Provost; Chris Volinsky · 2006

Statistical Science · Paper · Network targeting

Classic evidence for network-neighbor signals in targeting.

Open access
S031Evidence reviewed

What Makes Online Content Viral?

Jonah Berger; Katherine L. Milkman · 2012

Journal of Marketing Research · Paper · Content psychology

Landmark content-characteristics study; especially emotion and arousal.

Author PDF
S032Catalogued

Arousal Increases Social Transmission of Information

Jonah Berger · 2011

Psychological Science · Paper · Content psychology

Causal test of physiological arousal as a sharing mechanism.

Paywalled/author copies
S033Catalogued

What Do People Talk About? Drivers of Immediate and Ongoing Word-of-Mouth

Jonah Berger; Eric M. Schwartz · 2011

Journal of Marketing Research · Paper · Content psychology

Distinguishes immediate triggers from persistent accessibility and product interest.

Paywalled/working paper
S034Catalogued

Communication Channels and Word of Mouth: How the Medium Shapes the Message

Jonah Berger; Raghuram Iyengar · 2013

Journal of Consumer Research · Paper · Channel effects

Shows that asynchronous/written channels alter what gets shared.

Author PDF
S035Catalogued

Emotional Selection in Memes: The Case of Urban Legends

Chip Heath; Chris Bell; Emily Sternberg · 2001

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · Paper · Content psychology

Memorability and emotional-selection precursor to online virality research.

Paywalled
S036Catalogued

Where Consumers Diverge from Others: Identity Signaling and Product Domains

Jonah Berger; Chip Heath · 2007

Journal of Consumer Research · Paper · Identity & signaling

Identity signaling shapes differentiation and transmission.

Paywalled
S037Catalogued

Who Drives Divergence? Identity Signaling, Outgroup Dissimilarity, and the Abandonment of Cultural Tastes

Jonah Berger; Chip Heath · 2008

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · Paper · Identity & signaling

Shows how outgroups can influence abandonment and cultural spread.

Paywalled
S038Catalogued

Broadcasting and Narrowcasting: How Audience Size Affects What People Share

Alixandra Barasch; Jonah Berger · 2014

Journal of Marketing Research · Paper · Audience design

Audience size changes self-presentation and sharing choices.

Paywalled
S039Catalogued

Selfish or Selfless? On the Signal Value of Emotion in Altruistic Behavior

Alixandra Barasch et al. · 2014

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · Paper · Audience design

Useful for interpreting prosocial sharing and reputational signals.

Paywalled
S040Catalogued

A Value-Based Framework for Understanding Cooperation and Communication

Emily B. Falk; Matthew Brook O’Donnell; Matthew Lieberman · 2012

Perspectives on Psychological Science · Paper · Neuroscience of sharing

Frames sharing as expected value integrating self and social outcomes.

Paywalled
S041Catalogued

Brain Activity Predicts Population-Level Behavior Change

Emily B. Falk; Elliot T. Berkman; Matthew D. Lieberman · 2012

Psychological Science · Paper · Neuroscience of sharing

Links neural response to aggregate persuasion beyond self-report.

Paywalled
S042Evidence reviewed

A Neural Model of Valuation and Information Virality

Christin Scholz et al. · 2017

PNAS · Paper · Neuroscience of sharing

Direct model of self-related and social value in sharing decisions.

Open access
S043Catalogued

The Value of Sharing Information: A Neural Account of Information Transmission

Eunji Baek et al. · 2017

Psychological Science · Paper · Neuroscience of sharing

Independent evidence for a domain-general sharing-value signal.

Paywalled/author copies
S044Catalogued

Message Self and Social Relevance Increases Intentions to Share Content

Danielle Cosme et al. · 2020

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · Paper · Message design

Causal tests of self and social relevance framing.

Author PDF
S045Evidence reviewed

Emotion Shapes the Diffusion of Moralized Content in Social Networks

William J. Brady et al. · 2017

PNAS · Paper · Moral emotion

Key evidence on moral-emotional language and diffusion.

Open author PDF
S046Catalogued

The MAD Model of Moral Contagion

William J. Brady et al. · 2020

Perspectives on Psychological Science · Review · Moral emotion

Integrates motivation, attention, and platform design.

Paywalled/author copies
S047Evidence reviewed

The Spread of True and False News Online

Soroush Vosoughi; Deb Roy; Sinan Aral · 2018

Science · Paper · Novelty & misinformation

Landmark evidence on novelty, emotion, depth, breadth, and speed of diffusion.

Free registered access
S048Catalogued

Out-Group Animosity Drives Engagement on Social Media

Steve Rathje; Jay J. Van Bavel; Sander van der Linden · 2021

PNAS · Paper · Moral emotion

Negative identity content as an engagement driver; relevant to quality/safety tradeoffs.

Open access
S049Catalogued

Moral Outrage in the Digital Age

Molly J. Crockett · 2017

Nature Human Behaviour · Perspective · Moral emotion

Mechanisms by which platform affordances alter outrage expression and spread.

Paywalled
S050Catalogued

Experimental Evidence of Massive-Scale Emotional Contagion Through Social Networks

Adam D. I. Kramer; Jamie E. Guillory; Jeffrey T. Hancock · 2014

PNAS · Paper · Emotional contagion

Large causal study with major ethical and interpretive caveats.

Open access
S051Evidence reviewed

Engagement, User Satisfaction, and the Amplification of Divisive Content on Social Media

Smitha Milli et al. · 2025

PNAS Nexus · Paper · Content quality tradeoffs

Important evidence that engagement and user-valued experience can diverge.

Open access
S052Evidence reviewed

The Dynamics of Viral Marketing

Jure Leskovec; Lada A. Adamic; Bernardo A. Huberman · 2007

ACM Transactions on the Web · Paper · Cascade structure

Canonical empirical study showing most cascades are small and recommendations vary by product.

Open author PDF
S053Catalogued

Cascading Behavior in Large Blog Graphs

Jure Leskovec et al. · 2007

SDM · Paper · Cascade structure

Early characterization of cascade shapes and temporal dynamics.

Open author PDF
S054Evidence reviewed

The Structure of Online Diffusion Networks

Sharad Goel; Duncan J. Watts; Daniel G. Goldstein · 2012

EC · Paper · Cascade structure

Shows that true large cascades are rare and often driven by many shallow branches.

Open copies
S055Evidence reviewed

The Structural Virality of Online Diffusion

Sharad Goel; Ashton Anderson; Jake Hofman; Duncan J. Watts · 2016

Management Science · Paper · Cascade structure

Defines structural virality and separates broadcast from multi-generational spread.

Open author PDF
S056Evidence reviewed

Can Cascades Be Predicted?

Justin Cheng et al. · 2014

WWW · Paper · Prediction

Landmark limits and signals for predicting cascade growth.

Open author PDF
S057Catalogued

SEISMIC: A Self-Exciting Point Process Model for Predicting Tweet Popularity

Qingyuan Zhao et al. · 2015

KDD · Paper · Prediction

Early-time popularity prediction with interpretable epidemic-style dynamics.

Open author PDF
S058Catalogued

Differences in the Mechanics of Information Diffusion Across Topics

Daniel M. Romero; Brendan Meeder; Jon Kleinberg · 2011

WWW · Paper · Topic mechanics

Shows that diffusion mechanics differ by topic, persistence, and repeated exposure.

Open author PDF
S059Catalogued

Everyone’s an Influencer: Quantifying Influence on Twitter

Eytan Bakshy et al. · 2011

WSDM · Paper · Influencers

Influence is highly skewed but difficult to predict; cost-effectiveness can favor ordinary users.

Open copies
S060Catalogued

The Role of Social Networks in Information Diffusion

Eytan Bakshy et al. · 2012

WWW · Paper · Networks vs broadcast

Separates strong-tie influence from the aggregate reach of weak ties.

Open copies
S061Catalogued

Virality Prediction and Community Structure in Social Networks

Lilian Weng; Filippo Menczer; Yong-Yeol Ahn · 2013

Scientific Reports · Paper · Community structure

Early spread across communities as a virality signal.

Open access
S062Catalogued

Information Contagion: An Empirical Study of the Spread of News on Digg and Twitter

Kristina Lerman; Rumi Ghosh · 2010

ICWSM · Paper · Attention & exposure

Contrasts network exposure and platform attention processes.

Open PDF
S063Catalogued

Measuring User Influence in Twitter: The Million Follower Fallacy

Meeyoung Cha et al. · 2010

ICWSM · Paper · Influence metrics

Follower count, retweets, and mentions capture different notions of influence.

Open PDF
S064Catalogued

Want to Be Retweeted? Large Scale Analytics on Factors Impacting Retweet in Twitter Network

Bongwon Suh et al. · 2010

SocialCom · Paper · Retweet mechanics

Early feature study of retweet propensity; historically useful, platform-old.

Open copies
S065Catalogued

What Is Twitter, a Social Network or a News Media?

Haewoon Kwak et al. · 2010

WWW · Paper · Platform topology

Foundational empirical description of asymmetric following and news diffusion.

Open PDF
S066Catalogued

Impact of Social Network Structure on Content Propagation: A Study Using YouTube Data

Hema Yoganarasimhan · 2012

Quantitative Marketing and Economics · Paper · UGC diffusion

Connects creator network position to diffusion and viewership.

Paywalled/author copies
S067Catalogued

Social Networks and the Diffusion of User-Generated Content: Evidence from YouTube

Anjana Susarla; Jeong-Ha Oh; Yong Tan · 2012

Information Systems Research · Paper · UGC diffusion

Separates subscriber/friend-network effects in UGC diffusion.

Paywalled
S068Catalogued

The Evolution of Memes on Facebook

Lada A. Adamic et al. · 2016

WSDM · Paper · Memes & mutation

Tracks mutation, competition, and persistence of textual memes.

Open author PDF
S069Catalogued

The Majority Illusion in Social Networks

Kristina Lerman; Xiaoran Yan; Xin-Zeng Wu · 2016

PLOS ONE · Paper · Perception bias

Explains why local exposure can make rare behavior seem common.

Open access
S070Evidence reviewed

Creating Social Contagion Through Viral Product Design: A Randomized Trial of Peer Influence in Networks

Sinan Aral; Dylan Walker · 2011

Management Science · Paper · Viral product design

Central causal paper on engineering peer exposure into product design.

Paywalled; author PDF
S071Catalogued

Identifying Influential and Susceptible Members of Social Networks

Sinan Aral; Dylan Walker · 2012

Science · Paper · Causal identification

Separates influence from susceptibility and network position.

Paywalled/author copies
S072Catalogued

Tie Strength, Embeddedness, and Social Influence: A Large-Scale Networked Experiment

Sinan Aral; Dylan Walker · 2014

Management Science · Paper · Tie strength

Causal evidence on tie strength and embeddedness as moderators.

Paywalled
S073Evidence reviewed

Selection Effects in Online Sharing: Consequences for Peer Adoption

Sean J. Taylor; Eytan Bakshy; Sinan Aral · 2013

EC · Paper · Causal identification

Shows why people who choose to share are systematically different from those induced to share.

Open copies
S074Evidence reviewed

Estimating Peer Effects in Networks with Peer Encouragement Designs

Dean Eckles; René Kizilcec; Eytan Bakshy · 2016

PNAS · Paper · Experiment design

Reusable causal design for testing referrals and social influence.

Open access
S075Catalogued

Do Your Online Friends Make You Pay? A Randomized Field Experiment on Peer Influence in Online Social Networks

Ravi Bapna; Akhmed Umyarov · 2015

Management Science · Paper · Peer effects

Causal peer influence on paid adoption, including tie effects.

Paywalled/author copies
S076Catalogued

Effects of Word-of-Mouth Versus Traditional Marketing: Findings from an Internet Social Networking Site

Michael Trusov; Randolph E. Bucklin; Koen Pauwels · 2009

Journal of Marketing · Paper · WOM acquisition

Compares WOM acquisition dynamics with traditional channels.

Paywalled
S077Catalogued

The Impact of Marketing-Induced Versus Word-of-Mouth Customer Acquisition on Customer Equity Growth

Julian Villanueva; Shijin Yoo; Dominique M. Hanssens · 2008

Journal of Marketing Research · Paper · Customer quality

Tests long-term value differences by acquisition source.

Paywalled
S078Catalogued

Referral Programs and Customer Value

Philipp Schmitt; Bernd Skiera; Christophe Van den Bulte · 2011

Journal of Marketing · Paper · Referral economics

Foundational evidence on value of referred customers.

Paywalled
S079Catalogued

How Customer Referral Programs Turn Social Capital into Economic Capital

Christophe Van den Bulte et al. · 2018

Journal of Marketing Research · Paper · Referral economics

Mechanisms, tie strength, and social capital in referral effectiveness.

Author PDF
S080Catalogued

A Penny for Your Thoughts: Referral Reward Programs and Referral Likelihood

Gangseog Ryu; Lawrence Feick · 2007

Journal of Marketing · Paper · Referral incentives

Classic treatment of reward size, brand strength, and referral likelihood.

Paywalled
S081Catalogued

Customer Referral Management: Optimal Reward Programs

Eyal Biyalogorsky; Eitan Gerstner; Barak Libai · 2001

Marketing Science · Paper · Referral economics

First-principles economics of referral reward design.

Paywalled
S082Catalogued

Using Online Conversations to Study Word-of-Mouth Communication

David Godes; Dina Mayzlin · 2004

Marketing Science · Paper · WOM measurement

Classic approach to volume vs dispersion of online conversations.

Paywalled
S083Catalogued

Firm-Created Word-of-Mouth Communication: Evidence from a Field Test

David Godes; Dina Mayzlin · 2009

Marketing Science · Paper · Firm-seeded WOM

Causal evidence on targeting less-loyal agents and breadth of social reach.

Paywalled
S084Catalogued

Words Matter! Toward a Prosocial Call-to-Action for Online Referral

Catherine Tucker et al. · 2020

Information Systems Research · Paper · Referral copy

Message framing and prosocial language in referral conversion.

Paywalled
S085Catalogued

Creating Social Contagion Through Firm-Mediated Message Design

Tianshu Sun; Siva Viswanathan; Elena Zheleva · 2021

Management Science · Paper · Message design

Causal evidence that platform-provided copy changes diffusion.

Paywalled
S086Catalogued

Impact of Incentive Mechanism in Online Referral Programs

Jaehwuen Jung; Ravi Bapna; Alok Gupta; Soumya Sen · 2021

Journal of Management Information Systems · Paper · Referral incentives

Compares sender/recipient incentive structures.

Paywalled
S087Catalogued

Referral Contagion: Downstream Benefits of Customer Referrals

Rachel Gershon; Zhenling Jiang · 2024

Journal of Marketing · Paper · Referral propagation

Tests whether referred customers become referrers themselves.

Author PDF
S088Catalogued

Seeding Strategies for Viral Marketing: An Empirical Comparison

Oliver Hinz; Bernd Skiera; Christian Barrot; Jan U. Becker · 2011

Journal of Marketing · Paper · Seeding strategy

Direct empirical comparison of centrality-based seeding strategies.

Paywalled; AMA summary
S089Catalogued

Hacking Word-of-Mouth: Making Referrals Work for Airbnb

Jason Bosinoff / Airbnb Engineering · 2014

Airbnb Engineering · Case study · Referral case study

Rare first-party referral redesign with explicit funnel metrics and reported lift.

S090Catalogued

A Theory of Interdependent Demand for a Communications Service

Jeffrey Rohlfs · 1974

Bell Journal of Economics · Paper · Network effects

Early critical-mass and network-demand model.

Open copy
S091Catalogued

Network Externalities, Competition, and Compatibility

Michael L. Katz; Carl Shapiro · 1985

American Economic Review · Paper · Network effects

Canonical direct network-effects economics.

Open copies
S092Catalogued

Standardization, Compatibility, and Innovation

Joseph Farrell; Garth Saloner · 1985

RAND Journal of Economics · Paper · Network effects

Coordination, installed base, and excess inertia/momentum.

JSTOR/paywalled
S093Catalogued

Competing Technologies, Increasing Returns, and Lock-In by Historical Events

W. Brian Arthur · 1989

Economic Journal · Paper · Network effects

Path dependence and increasing returns in adoption.

Open/paywalled
S094Catalogued

Platform Competition in Two-Sided Markets

Jean-Charles Rochet; Jean Tirole · 2003

Journal of the European Economic Association · Paper · Two-sided platforms

Canonical two-sided pricing and participation framework.

Open author PDF
S095Catalogued

Two-Sided Network Effects: A Theory of Information Product Design

Geoffrey G. Parker; Marshall W. Van Alstyne · 2005

Management Science · Paper · Two-sided platforms

Product design and subsidy choices under cross-side network effects.

Paywalled/working paper
S096Catalogued

Failure to Launch: Critical Mass in Platform Businesses

David S. Evans; Richard Schmalensee · 2010

Review of Network Economics · Paper · Critical mass

Practical theory of solving platform critical-mass problems.

Open author PDF
S097Catalogued

Multi-Sided Platforms

Andrei Hagiu; Julian Wright · 2015

International Journal of Industrial Organization · Paper · Platform definition

Clarifies what is—and is not—a multi-sided platform.

Open author PDF
S098Catalogued

Networks, Platforms, and Strategy: Emerging Views and Next Steps

David P. McIntyre; Arati Srinivasan · 2017

Strategic Management Journal · Review · Platform strategy

Strong strategy review connecting network effects to competitive advantage.

Paywalled
S099Catalogued

Platform Competition: Strategic Trade-Offs in Platform Markets

Carmelo Cennamo; Juan Santalo · 2013

Strategic Management Journal · Paper · Platform competition

Tests trade-offs between platform scope, quality, and exclusivity.

Paywalled
S100Catalogued

Metcalfe’s Law Is Wrong

Bob Briscoe; Andrew Odlyzko; Benjamin Tilly · 2006

IEEE Spectrum · Paper · Network value

Useful corrective to simplistic n-squared claims; proposes slower value scaling.

S101Catalogued

The Cold Start Problem

Andrew Chen · 2021

Harper Business · Book · Network effects

Modern operating framework for atomic networks, tipping points, and network expansion.

Book; sample online
S102Catalogued

Platform Revolution

Geoffrey G. Parker; Marshall W. Van Alstyne; Sangeet Paul Choudary · 2016

W. W. Norton · Book · Platform strategy

Widely used platform design and launch framework.

Book/paywalled
S103Catalogued

Matchmakers

David S. Evans; Richard Schmalensee · 2016

Harvard Business Review Press · Book · Platform strategy

Accessible complement to two-sided-market research.

Book/paywalled
S104Catalogued

Perceived Usefulness, Perceived Ease of Use, and User Acceptance of Information Technology

Fred D. Davis · 1989

MIS Quarterly · Paper · Adoption models

TAM baseline for adoption propensity; not a virality model by itself.

JSTOR/paywalled
S105Catalogued

User Acceptance of Information Technology: Toward a Unified View

Viswanath Venkatesh et al. · 2003

MIS Quarterly · Paper · Adoption models

UTAUT synthesis of adoption drivers and moderators.

JSTOR/paywalled
S106Catalogued

Innovation Characteristics and Innovation Adoption-Implementation: A Meta-Analysis

Louis G. Tornatzky; Katherine J. Klein · 1982

IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management · Paper · Adoption attributes

Early meta-analysis of compatibility, relative advantage, complexity, and adoption.

Paywalled
S107Catalogued

How TikTok Recommends Content

TikTok · 2026

TikTok Support · Official documentation · Platform algorithms

Current official ranking factors and recommendation stages.

Open; living page
S108Catalogued

How TikTok Recommends Videos #ForYou

TikTok · 2020

TikTok Newsroom · Official documentation · Platform algorithms

Historical baseline for TikTok ranking signals and cold-start behavior.

S109Catalogued

Slapping Cats, Bopping Heads, and Oreo Shakes: Understanding Indicators of Virality in TikTok Short Videos

Chen Ling et al. · 2022

WebSci · Paper · Short video

Direct study of TikTok video/content indicators and diffusion.

Open preprint
S110Catalogued

An Empirical Investigation of Personalization Factors on TikTok

Lennart Boeker; Aleksandra Urman · 2022

WWW · Paper · Short video

Audit of personalization and rapid interest reinforcement.

Open preprint
S111Catalogued

Dynamics of Algorithmic Content Amplification on TikTok

Fabian Baumann et al. · 2026

EPJ Data Science · Paper · Short video

Cutting-edge work on amplification dynamics; very recent and platform-specific.

Open access
S112Catalogued

Instagram Ranking Explained

Adam Mosseri / Instagram · 2023

About Instagram · Official documentation · Platform algorithms

Official breakdown of distinct Feed, Stories, Explore, Reels, and Search rankers.

S113Catalogued

Instagram Feed Ranking System Card

Meta · 2026

Meta AI / Transparency Center · System card · Platform algorithms

Current system-level documentation and objectives.

Open; living page
S114Catalogued

On YouTube’s Recommendation System

Cristos Goodrow / YouTube · 2021

YouTube Blog · Official documentation · Platform algorithms

Accessible explanation of satisfaction, watch behavior, and responsible recommendation objectives.

S115Evidence reviewed

Deep Neural Networks for YouTube Recommendations

Paul Covington; Jay Adams; Emre Sargin · 2016

RecSys · Paper · Platform algorithms

Canonical candidate-generation and ranking architecture.

Open PDF
S116Catalogued

How YouTube Recommendations Work

YouTube · 2026

YouTube Help · Official documentation · Platform algorithms

Current creator/user-facing explanation of recommendation surfaces.

Open; living page
S117Catalogued

Engineering the Next Generation of LinkedIn’s Feed

LinkedIn Engineering · 2024

LinkedIn Engineering · Engineering documentation · Platform algorithms

Modern feed architecture and ranking objectives in a professional network.

S118Catalogued

LiRank: Industrial Large Scale Ranking Models at LinkedIn

Fedor Borisyuk et al. · 2024

arXiv / LinkedIn · Paper · Platform algorithms

Current industrial ranking model family and deployment context.

S119Catalogued

Source Code for the X Recommendation Algorithm

X/Twitter · 2023

GitHub · Open-source documentation · Platform algorithms

Unique implementation-level source; version and production parity must be treated cautiously.

Open source; may lag production
S120Catalogued

Algorithmic Amplification of Politics on Twitter

Ferenc Huszár et al. · 2022

PNAS · Paper · Algorithmic amplification

Causal/operational evidence that ranking alters reach, with country/party heterogeneity.

Open access
S121Catalogued

Reddit’s Approach to Content Recommendations

Reddit · 2026

Reddit Help · Official documentation · Platform algorithms

Candidate generation, filtering, prediction, sorting, diversity, and cold-account behavior.

Open; living page
S122Catalogued

Modernizing Home Feed Pre-Ranking Stage

Pinterest Engineering · 2025

Pinterest Engineering · Engineering case study · Platform algorithms

Current feed pre-ranking architecture for discovery-heavy content.

S123Catalogued

Pixie: A System for Recommending 3+ Billion Items to 200+ Million Users in Real-Time

Chantat Eksombatchai et al. · 2018

WWW · Paper · Platform algorithms

Graph-based recommendation and real-time personalization at scale.

Open author PDF
S124Catalogued

A Guide to Google Search Ranking Systems

Google Search Central · 2026

Google Developers · Official documentation · Search/discovery

Official source for search discovery—not interpersonal virality, but a key scalable distribution channel.

Open; living page
S125Catalogued

App Store Search and Discovery

Apple · 2026

Apple Developer · Official documentation · App-store discovery

Official app-search relevance, metadata, and behavioral signals.

Open; living page
S126Catalogued

App Discovery and Ranking

Google Play · 2026

Play Console Help · Official documentation · App-store discovery

Official discovery, quality, and ranking guidance for Android apps.

Open; living page
S127Catalogued

Algorithmic Choice with Custom Feeds

Bluesky · 2023

Bluesky Blog/Docs · Official documentation · Open algorithms

Useful contrasting model where creators can ship distribution algorithms.

S128Catalogued

Characterizing Attention Cascades in WhatsApp Groups

Josemar Alves Caetano et al. · 2019

WebSci · Paper · Private messaging

One of the best empirical views of diffusion in encrypted/private messaging environments.

Open preprint
S129Catalogued

(Mis)Information Dissemination in WhatsApp: Gathering, Analyzing and Countermeasures

Gustavo Resende et al. · 2019

WWW Companion · Paper · Private messaging

Methods and evidence for cross-group forwarding and content reuse.

Open PDF
S130Catalogued

Don’t Break the Chain: Measuring Message Forwarding on WhatsApp

Kiran Garimella et al. · 2024

ICWSM · Paper · Private messaging

Recent measurement of forwarding depth and chain structure.

Open access
S131Catalogued

Finding Goldilocks Influencers: How Follower Count Drives Social Media Engagement

Simone Wies; Alexander Bleier; Alexander Edeling · 2023

Journal of Marketing · Paper · Creators & seeding

Moves beyond ‘largest audience wins’; tests nonlinear follower-count effects.

Paywalled
S132Catalogued

Targeting Nearby Influencers: The Acceleration of Natural Triadic Closure by Leveraging Interconnectors

Jacob Goldenberg et al. · 2024

Journal of Marketing · Paper · Creators & seeding

Current seeding theory emphasizing interconnectors and local closure.

Paywalled/working paper
S133Catalogued

How Do Social Media Feed Algorithms Affect Attitudes and Behavior in an Election Campaign?

Jennifer Pan et al. · 2023

Science · Paper · Feed experiments

One of the 2020 Election Research Project papers on chronological vs algorithmic feeds.

Open/registered access
S134Catalogued

Asymmetric Ideological Segregation in Exposure to Political News on Facebook

Sandra González-Bailón et al. · 2023

Science · Paper · Feed exposure

Modern evidence on feed exposure, reshares, and ideological segregation.

Open/registered access
S135Catalogued

Growth Loops Are the New Funnels

Brian Balfour; Casey Winters; Kevin Kwok; Andrew Chen · 2018

Reforge · Article · Growth loops

Widely used systems framework for compounding acquisition, engagement, and content loops.

Open/partly gated
S136Catalogued

How to Design a Referral Program

Andrew Chen · 2022

AndrewChen.com · Article · Referral design

Practical design questions and examples from Uber/Dropbox-era product growth.

S137Catalogued

Why the Best Way to Drive Viral Growth Is to Increase Retention and Engagement

Andrew Chen · 2021

AndrewChen.com · Article · Retention & virality

Important compounding argument linking retention, invitation opportunities, and loop output.

S138Catalogued

Hacking Growth

Sean Ellis; Morgan Brown · 2017

Crown Business · Book · Growth experimentation

Experiment cadence, cross-functional growth, activation, retention, and referral systems.

Book/paywalled
S139Catalogued

Traction

Gabriel Weinberg; Justin Mares · 2015

Portfolio · Book · Distribution portfolio

Channel-testing framework; broader than virality but useful for comparative distribution strategy.

Book/paywalled
S140Catalogued

Product-Led Growth

Wes Bush · 2019

Product-Led Institute · Book · Product-led growth

Self-serve adoption and in-product value loops; uneven evidence but influential in SaaS.

Book/paywalled